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Substitution – in which one functional group is replaced by another - typical of alkanes, alkyl halides and benzene Addition/Elimination – in which a small molecule (typically X2, HX or H-OH) is added/eliminated - alkenes undergo Addition - some alkyl halides and alcohols undergo Elimination

Oxidation/Reduction – in which the number of bonds between carbon and oxygen is increased/decreased. Also, reactions in which the number of bonds between carbon and hydrogen is decreased/increased. - alcohols, ketones/aldehydes and carboxylic acids can be interchanged by Oxidation/Reduction reactions - alkanes, alkenes and alkynes can be interchanged by Oxidation/Reduction reactions. Download free Summary of Reaction Types in Organic Chemistry.pdf here

There are many books that have been written to make organic chemistry easy. I've looked at many of them. This is what I think they have in common. They are the "Reader's Digest" version of your textbook. They are like a math book that skips topics that are too hard or too lengthy to explain.

"A Guide to Organic Chemistry Mechanisms" is the opposite. It skips all of the simple parts of organic chemistry. They are already well covered by all of the textbooks and additional guides. Most students do not need my help to learn them.

I know there are students that struggle with stereochemistry, nomenclature, conformations, etc., but comparatively, reaction mechanisms are a still greater challenge. "A Guide to Organic Chemistry Mechanisms" makes learning reaction mechanisms a task that can be reasonably accomplished. I don't think "Organic Chemistry for Dummies" or any other guide books succeed as well. Download free How to Learn Organic Chemical Reactions.pdf here

Shriver and Atkins Inorganic Chemistry is the essential text to inspire students in their study of this far-reaching subject. The author team draw upon their excellence in teaching and research to provide students with a text that helps them to truly grasp the fundamentals of inorganic chemistry.

The book is carefully tailored to students’ needs, offering careful explanations and a less formal writing style, and assuming a lower level of mathematical and chemical knowledge. Extensive coverage of the chemistry of the elements provides a framework on which students can build their understanding of the subject, while 'Frontiers' chapters open up to the student topics at the forefront of contemporary research. Examples throughout the book show the relevance of inorganic chemistry to real-life situations, encouraging students to engage fully with the subject. Download free Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry.pdf here

Carbon-based molecules are central to a host of chemical and biological processes because of their broad range of structure and reactivity. The millions of organic compounds alone, ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals, make the field important for study. Yet organic chemistry is also a highly integrated discipline that impacts and is impacted by the other branches of chemistry and other sciences. Indeed organic chemistry enables a molecular understanding of physicochemical phenomena in material science, the environment, biology, and medicine. The field has reached a high level of maturity, yet progress in organic chemistry continues at a fast pace and much more remains to be discovered.

It is nearly impossible to master the breadth of organic chemistry in only an introductory course sequence, but it is important that students understand the principles and learn to apply them to gain a working knowledge and appreciation of organic structure and reactivity. Download free Organic Chemistry Supplement here

The role played by organic chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry continues to be one of the main drivers in the drug discovery process. However, the precise nature of that role is undergoing a visible change, not only because of the new synthetic methods and technologies now available to the synthetic and medicinal chemist, but also in several key areas, particularly in drug metabolism and chemical toxicology, as chemists deal with the ever more rapid turnaround of testing data that influences their day-to-day decisions.

Numerous changes are now occurring in the pharmaceutical industry, not just in the way that the industry is perceived, but also in the rapid expansion of biomedical and scientific knowledge, which affects the way science is practiced in the industry. The recent changes in the way that synthetic chemistry is practiced in this environment center around new scientific advances in synthetic techniques and new technologies for rational drug design, combinatorial chemistry, automated synthesis, and compound purification and identification. In addition, with the advent of high-throughput screening (HTS), we are now faced with many targets being screened and many hits being evaluated. However, success in this arena still requires skilled medicinal chemists making the correct choices, often with insight gleaned from interactions with computational chemists and structural biologists, about which “hits” (1) are likely to play out as true “lead” (1) structures that will meet the plethora of hurdles that any drug candidate must surmount. Download free Organic Chemistry in Drug Discovery here

Oh Young Chemista, if you are now reading this, you have passed your general chemistry courses and have entered the wonderful world of Organic Chemistry! Just as a squire earns his knighthood, once you succeed you will have earned the right to call yourself a true organic chemist. As you embark on your journey, you will be confronted with two paths: one of success, the other to certain failure. With these guidelines, you will know the way and the way will know you.

What is Organic Chemistry? Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon. These compounds are essential to life on this planet. They comprise our DNA, and all the other essential compounds that constitute our blood, muscle, and skin. Young Chemista, without the grandeur that is organic chemistry, we would not be here revel in its pleasures.

With these guidelines I cast upon thee… With your valor as your armor, your mind as your sword, and these guidelines as your spell book you shall be able to conquer any ticklish questions your adversaries may cast your way. From lecture to lab, from studying to the glorious day that you duel the test, the information contained in these scrolls teaches you the way. Download free How to do Well in Organic Chemistry here

Combinatorial Diversity in Nature 20 natural amino acids yield 400 dipeptides 8,000 tripeptides ... 64,000,000 hexapeptides and, in principle, 10400 proteins with MW ≈ 30 kD 100 chemically modified amino acids yield e.g. 1,000,000,000,000 hexapeptides, and ... 4 nucleic bases encode all organisms ! Principles of Combinatorial Chemistry Combinatorial Chemistry generates a multitude of chemically related (”congeneric”) compounds, so-called ”combinatorial libraries" In the last years, combinatorial chemistry in drug research changed more and more to automated parallel synthesis and parallel purification.

Combinatorial Chemistry Technology

Chapter 1 Definition of Chemistry States of matter Matter: Elements, Compounds, Mixtures (Homogeneous and Heterogeneous) Examples *Intensive and Extensive properties (see Chapter 11 Lecture Notes) SI Prefixes Conversion: kg to pounds, Temperature Difference between accuracy and precision Chapter 2 Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory J.J. Thompson’s Cathode Ray Tube experiment (know the experiment and result) Millikan’s Oil Drop experiment (know the experiment and result) Rutherford’s Gold foil experiment (know the experiment and result) Definition of isotopes and examples of three elements with isotopes Names and formulas of Inorganic (Ionic) compounds Names and formulas of Cations and Anions including Polyatomic Ions (Tables 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, & 2.8). See my lecture notes. Names and formula of molecular compounds Writing and balancing chemical equations Chapter 3 Relationship between mole, molar mass, and Avagadro's number (Calculations) Calculations of empirical and molecular formula (percentage composition) Everything dealing with Stoichiometry (amounts of reactants and products) Determination of a limiting reagent in a reaction and using it properly in a calculation Calculation of percent yield in a reaction Chapter 4 Definition of an electrolyte Examples of compounds that are strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes or non-electrolytes Net Ionic Equations (know how to predict products of precipitation reactions and the solubility rules) Definition of an acid and examples of mono-, di- and tri-protic acids Definition of a base Example of a neutralization reaction Oxidation-Reduction reactions (OIL RIG or LEO goes GER). Know oxidizing agent and reducing agent Balancing Oxidation-Reduction reactions Calculation of molarity and using molarity to find yield of a product in a reaction Definition and an example each for combustion, decomposition, combination reactions

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